HRE4M1 · Unit 1 · Lesson 1

The Existence of God

Exploring arguments, evidence, faith, science, and reason
A Study in Faith and Reason

Welcome to Unit 1.1

Explore how Catholic thought approaches the question of God’s existence through reason, science, morality, and human experience.

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Before We Begin

Science, Faith, or Both?

Start with your honest opinion before the lesson shapes your answer.

Many people assume science and religion are enemies. Others believe they answer different questions and can work together.

Before reading further, explain where you currently stand. Do you think science and faith can work together, or do you mostly see them as opposed?

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Part One · Introduction

Faith and Science as Partners

Catholic teaching does not present faith and science as enemies. It sees them as complementary ways of seeking truth.

Science investigates the how of the natural world through observation, testing, and evidence. Faith addresses the why, questions of meaning, purpose, morality, and God that go beyond what can be measured in a lab.

The Catholic view holds that truth cannot contradict truth. If faith and reason are properly understood, they work together. Scientific discoveries such as the Big Bang, evolution, genetics, and astronomy can deepen awe rather than destroy belief.

“Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth.”St. John Paul II, Fides et Ratio

Fr. Georges Lemaître, a Catholic priest and physicist, first proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory. His example shows that a serious Catholic can also be a serious scientist. The goal is not to force science to become religion or faith to become science. The goal is to let each do what it does best.

Quick Check
Why does Catholic teaching say faith and science are not fundamentally in conflict?
Pause and Reflect
Why does the Catholic view say faith and science are not enemies? Explain the difference between the kinds of questions science answers and the kinds faith answers.
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Part Two · Vocabulary

Six Terms to Know

Tap all six cards before moving on.

Faith and Reason
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The Catholic belief that faith and human reason can work together in the search for truth. Reason can point toward God, while faith receives what God reveals.
Cosmological Argument
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An argument for God based on the existence, beginning, and contingency of the universe. It asks why there is something rather than nothing.
Teleological Argument
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An argument from design, order, purpose, and complexity in nature. It points to an intelligent Designer behind creation.
Moral Argument
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An argument that objective moral truth, conscience, and moral duty point to a transcendent Moral Lawgiver.
Consciousness
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Human self-awareness, inner experience, rationality, and spiritual longing. These can suggest that human beings are more than matter alone.
Scientism
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The mistaken belief that science alone can answer every meaningful question. Catholic thought values science but rejects reducing all truth to measurement.
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Part Three · Origin of the Universe

The Cosmological Argument

This argument begins with the universe itself and asks why anything exists at all.

Modern science points to a universe with a beginning. The Big Bang theory suggests that space, time, and matter are not eternal but began approximately 13.8 billion years ago. For believers, this does not prove the Bible like a science experiment, but it does fit well with the idea that creation has a source beyond itself.

The cosmological argument asks: if the universe began to exist, what caused it? If everything inside the universe depends on something else, what ultimately explains the existence of the whole universe?

St. Thomas Aquinas reasoned toward an Uncaused Cause or necessary being. The argument is not that God is one more object inside the universe. It is that the universe itself points beyond itself to a Creator who grounds all reality.

Fine-tuning connection: The physical constants of the universe seem to fall within an incredibly narrow range that allows stars, planets, chemistry, and life. Many believers see this as evidence of intelligent order rather than blind accident.
Quick Check
What does the cosmological argument mainly reason from?
Pause and Reflect
How might the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe, or fine-tuning point a person toward belief in God? Explain the logic in your own words.
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Part Four · Design and Order

The Teleological Argument

This argument looks at purpose, order, and complexity in nature.

The word telos means end or purpose. The teleological argument asks whether the order and structure of creation point toward an intelligent Designer.

Examples include the coded information in DNA, the interdependence of ecosystems, the laws of physics, the conditions that make Earth habitable, and the beauty and intelligibility of the cosmos. Scientific explanations can describe processes, but this argument asks a deeper question: why is nature so ordered and intelligible in the first place?

“The heavens declare the glory of God; the firmament proclaims his handiwork.”Psalm 19:1

The teleological argument does not deny evolution or natural processes. Instead, it asks whether the very possibility of ordered natural processes points to a deeper source of intelligence and purpose.

Quick Check
Which example best fits the teleological argument?
Pause and Reflect
Choose one example of order or design in nature. How could it support a teleological argument?
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Part Five · Objective Morality

The Moral Argument

This argument begins with the human sense that some things are truly right or wrong.

Across cultures, human beings recognize moral realities such as justice, honesty, compassion, betrayal, cruelty, and courage. While people disagree about details, many believe some moral truths are objective, not merely preferences.

The moral argument asks: if there really are objective moral truths, what grounds them? If murder, injustice, and exploitation are truly wrong, not just disliked by certain people, then morality seems to point beyond human opinion.

In Catholic thought, conscience is not just a feeling. It is the inner moral capacity by which we recognize good and evil. The lesson connects conscience to God, the Moral Lawgiver, who writes the moral law on the human heart.

“They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness.”Romans 2:15
Quick Check
What does the moral argument use as evidence for God?
Pause and Reflect
Name one moral truth you think is not just personal opinion. Why would the moral argument say this points beyond human preference or social consensus?
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Part Six · Beyond Matter Alone

Consciousness and Transcendence

Human beings do not only think. We wonder, love, choose, create, pray, and long for eternity.

One of the deepest questions in philosophy is consciousness: why is there a subjective experience of being you? Science can map brain activity, but many argue that brain activity alone does not fully explain self-awareness, moral responsibility, love, beauty, or the longing for infinite meaning.

Catholic teaching says each person has a spiritual soul. This does not mean the body is bad or the brain is irrelevant. It means the human person cannot be reduced to chemistry alone.

Religious experiences also matter. People throughout history have reported moments of profound peace, awe, conversion, prayer, beauty, or encounter with God. These experiences are personal, but they often change lives and invite people to consider that reality has spiritual depth.

“You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it rests in you.”St. Augustine
Pause and Reflect
Which part of human life seems hardest to explain by matter alone: consciousness, love, beauty, moral duty, religious experience, or longing for eternity? Explain why.
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Part Seven · Science and Meaning

The Limits of Science and the Role of Faith

Science is powerful, but not every real question is a scientific question.

Science can tell us what things are made of and how they work. It can explain brain chemistry, genetics, energy, medicine, and the expansion of the universe. But science cannot tell us whether love is good, why we should be just, whether life has ultimate meaning, or what we ought to do with powerful technology.

Problems arise when people expect science to answer questions it was never designed to answer. That error is called scientism, the belief that science alone gives all truth.

Faith and philosophy help with meaning, value, purpose, and morality. This does not weaken science. It protects science from being used without wisdom. Nuclear technology, genetic engineering, and artificial intelligence all show that human beings need more than technical skill. We also need moral guidance.

Main takeaway: Science answers many how questions. Faith and reason help us face why and should questions. Together, they give a fuller view of reality.
Quick Check
Which question falls outside the normal limits of scientific inquiry?
Pause and Reflect
Give one example of a modern issue where science can tell us what is possible, but faith, philosophy, or ethics must help decide what should be done.
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Part Eight · Knowledge Check

Check Your Understanding

Answer all questions. Feedback appears after each choice.

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Part Nine · Think Deeper

Go Beyond Recall

Use the lesson ideas carefully. These answers should show reasoning, not just opinion.

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Part Ten · Final Synthesis

Pull the Lesson Together

Your final response should show how the whole lesson connects.

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